The Sign Of The Four--The Adventure Of The Wandering "The"!

Today we shall be discussing four important things about The Sign Of The Four:

No, not *that* Four...although that does give me an idea for one hell of a story (which is why they don't let me write comics books or Sherlock Holmes stories).

No, I meant this:

Let's begin, shall we?

Sign The First: You know, we don't even know the actual title of this novel, which is damned weird, if you think about it.

As you can see from the above picture, in the novel's first publication, it was clearly entitled The Sign Of The Four. Five words. Two "the's."

But upon subsequent publications, that second "the" would sometimes be there, sometimes not:

The text itself is no help, as while the majority of the novel's references are to the 5-word version, on at least two occasions the 4-word version is used.

Careless writing? Poor proofreading? Typesetting errors? No one can say--I read (somewhere--source long forgotten, I'm afraid) that the original manuscript is in the possession of a private collector who refuses to let anyone see it. So I guess we'll have to live with the mystery, and everyone will have to decide for themselves whether the correct title has 4 or 5 words.

It's funny, because we're used to that kind of thing from older sources. What we know as Shakespeare's work was put together from various unauthorized sources, unsupervised by the author. The works of Homer? Translations of transcriptions from oral traditions. When you read the Bible, you're reading a translation of a translation.

But despite the canon being over a century old, somehow we think of Sherlock Holmes as being more modern, as not subject to such historical uncertainty or whims.

This is the very definition of a trifle--it makes absolutely no difference, really, in the story, our enjoyment of it, our understanding of it. I just find it noteworthy that no one truly knows what the actual title of the second Sherlock Holmes novel is...

Sign The Second: This is very much a story of John Watson.

Of course, we already know that. He proposes at the end!!

But many of the adaptations skim over that or ignore it (more on that below). And this same story gives us the first discussion of Holmes' drug use, the first time we see him in one of his disguises, the first time we meet Toby, the first mention of Holmes' boxing, his opinions on women...it's very easy to get oneself swamped by the deluge of Holmes information and forget everything we learn about Watson.

Early on, we hear Holmes dismiss Watson's written version of events in A Study In Scarlet. But we must remember, in ASIS, Holmes criticized the detective works of Poe and Gaboriau in much the same fashion. One can almost imagine that this is Holmes' version of a back-handed compliment, comparing his companion's work to his predecessors.

(And it hardly surprising that Watson "attempted to tinge" his early story with romanticism--in this case, Mrs. Cecil Forrester declares "It is a romance!" Surely Sir Arthur Conan Doyle made this juxtaposition on purpose, to highlight Watson's abilities as an author.)

And although many adaptations wish to portray Watson as a dolt, that certainly not what Doyle intended. True, in many of the short stories, the limited storytelling space often left Watson filling the "gaze in awe as an appreciative audience for Holmes' brilliance" role. But not following Holmes' reasoning immediately (or having the breadth of experience and knowledge as Sherlock) is not the same as being ignorant, or a fool--see, for example, many of the fine police inspectors in the canon for an example of what Doyle considers an example of someone truly foolish.

And in this case, Watson often follows fairly closely with Holmes. When Holmes gives his famous "eliminate the impossible" bon mot, Watson immediately follows his reasoning and sees exactly what Sherlock was thinking. At several other points in the story, Watson keeps up with Holmes' train of thought; at others, he asks exactly the right questions. Doyle hardly presents Watson as a dunce, or a dunsel--he is intelligent, and a vital part of the team. Not having knowledge of Amdaman aborigines is hardly a sign of dolthood.

We also learn much personally about John Watson--his father, the tale of his brother's sad life the not-just-medical concern for his flat mate's drug habit. Perhaps most endearing is the insecurity he shows around a lovely woman. Despite his claim of " an experience of women which extends over many nations and three separate continents," he shows no such expertise with Miss Mary Morstan. His confession to (twice) bumbling a conversation because he finds her presence distracting is terribly charming. Add his finding of every excuse possible not to woo her--(It would be taking advantage of a women in distress!! She'll be too wealthy!!) and we see a shy, self-effacing humility. That may explain why Watson the author tends downplay the Watson in his written work in favor of Holmes.

And of course, he does get the woman in the end!

Sign The Third: Adaptation is a tricky business.

What you leave in, what you take out, what you massage or expand or compress or elide are all judgement calls, especially with a franchise as popular as Sherlock Holmes. If you leave out something, you might upset the Holmes fans, presumably your core audience; but too much unnecessary detail (and, frankly, fan service), and you risk losing the casual viewer.

All of which is a way of saying that the BBC Cushing version of The Sign Of The Four kind of sucks rocks, while the Granada edition pretty much gets it right.

Part of the problem is time, of course. The 1968 edition only had 50 minutes, which would have made it difficult to fit the whole novel even with the best of choices. Granada, by contrast, made a "feature film" of their TSOTF, giving it gave it 103 minutes.

But a lot of the problems came down not just to time, but to disastrous choices. You'll recall that in the 1968 version of ASIS, they dropped the entire "Country of Saints" digression, trying to recap Jefferson Hope's entire story in two sentences. Here, again they try the same tactic, to a particularly awful result.

They do take one wise step to compress--Sholto and Morstan were original members of The Four, not interlopers who came in later. This saves some steps, but still theoretically keeping Jonathan Small's need for revenge intact. However, once Small is captured, that is it. We don't get any deep confession from him; we never learn how he and his comrades came to have the treasure; we never learn why Small was in prison; we never learn how or why Major Sholto came to take the treasure; never learn how Small came to have Tonga as an ally, or how he escaped--the entire backstory is virtually eliminated! As a result, as with ASIS, we again have a criminal with precious little motivation presented, whose actions seem largely random, and the entire story concludes with a thud.

Granada, having the luxury of time (and a better sense of storytelling, methinks), manages to lay out the whole story, largely intact. It manages to make Small an actual character, not just "this week's prop villain," which in turn makes Holmes look all the brighter for having outwitted him.

Each version chooses to ignore the initial "Sherlock shoots up" scene. You don't want to show your hero as a drug addict, I guess...and quite possibly the television censors of the time wouldn't allow it, either.

Both versions also omit Watson's proposal to Mary Morstan! In the context of a TV series, it makes sense; you can't have one of your co-stars up and leave Baker Street in the middle of a season. Plus, the difficulty of keeping Morstan around and finding a way to incorporate her each week (or explain her absence) would have proved to be a pain in the butt for the writers.

BBC 1968 takes a silly way out of the dilemma. In something straight from a bad romantic comedy, Watson observes what he thinks is Thaddeus Sholto proposing to Morstan, so like a true gentleman, he just forgets all about his attraction to her:

 Really, they cut Small's back story for this?

Granada doesn't even try to provide an explanation. While there was some obvious attraction twixt Watson and Morrison, they don't do anything with it, and and the end the good doctor just gazes out the window as she leaves, muttering to himself what a lovely woman she was. Oh, John...

Perhaps I am too harsh on the BBC version. But then again, perhaps they should have thought better than to bite off such a large story to adapt into a single 50 minute episode.

Sign The Fourth. The Tonga Problem.

Look, I'll admit that I'm ill-positioned to be critical of the portrayal of aboriginal pygmy cannibals as vicious murdering maniacs. And, as with ASIS and the Mormons, what was an acceptable portrayal in 1890 might not be acceptable by current social standards. But unlike the Country Of Saints digression, you would lose too much of the story/mystery if you eliminated Tonga from the storyline.

The question, then, becomes how to deal with Tonga in modern times?

Well, in 1968, the solution was to get a child actress and put her in blackface:

Or, as Granada did, you can hire the Guinness record holder of "world's shortest stuntman" and, well, Klingon him up a bit:

And there are many other attempts, some more successful than others, each potentially problematic:

Sorry about that last one, but it's out there.

I don't pretend to have any answer, let alone the right one, for how to deal with The Tonga Issue. But any future producers of adaptations of The Sign Of The Four should think long and hard about it before they proceed.

OTHER TRIFLES AND OBSERVANCES:

**I know this is crazy fanboy genre-mixing, but in this bok we have a killer who uses a poison that leaves a "ghastly, inscrutable smile upon [the victims' face] face." Further, he  "leave[s] some such record upon the body as a sign that it was not a common murder...bizarre conceits of this kind are common enough in the annals of crime, and usually afford valuable indications as to the criminal."

A terribly smile in death? A calling card left with the body?? C'mon, that's the Joker, right? It's the Joker!!

You have to wonder if Jerry Robinson and/or Bill Finger and/or Bob Kane had this story in mind when the created the Clown Prince Of Crime...

**More nerd-cred: I can't hear the name Jonathon Small without mentally yelling out "John Smallberries!" Yes, I am a pathetic loser.

**As in ASIS, once again England is personal Thunderdome for grievances started in a far-away land It shan't be the last time, though...

**As I predicted in my ASIS post, Doyle obviously learned from that story and became much better at structuring his stories. There's still a considerable amount of off-stage flashback in this story. but this time it's much better integrated into the contemporary story, with revelations coming at a regular pace. Well before the end, we know the killer's identity, and are least partially-clued in as to his motives. So when we get to the capture/confession of Small, we still have a flashback digression, but it is a much more manageable 20ish pages; and as we've already gotten some detail on Small, it doesn't seem as much as a non-sequitur. They mystery itself may not be as good, but it's put together much more seamlessly than the first book.

**Given the early information about Holmes' drug use, perhaps we should have been wooried when they encountered "a great pile of coke upon the jetty."

**How old is Holmes? In ASIS Watson mistakes him for a student when they meet. Here, Inspector Athelney Jones refers to Holmes as a "young man."

Too often the movie and television adaptations opt for an older actor to portray Holmes, but I'm not sure why, as most indications (albeit inconsistent ones) suggest that, at least early in the partnership, Holmes and Watson were much younger than the stodgy middle-aged men hired to portray them...

**Athelney Jones...heh heh...too bad we never saw more of him. A pompous jackass, but entertaining.

**As per usual, Sherlock Holmes was far ahead of his time, prefiguring psychohistorian Hari Seldon: "...while the individual man is an insoluble puzzle, in the aggregate he becomes a mathematical certainty. You can, for example, never foretell what any one man will do, but you can say with precision what an average number will be up to. Individuals vary, but percentages remain constant. So says the statistician."

Obviously Isaac Asimov read the canon. So again, conscious influence on the Foundation novels, or just a coincidence?

**Holmes is very certain of his marksmanship: "He took out his revolver as he spoke, and, having loaded two of the chambers, he put it back into the right-hand pocket of his jacket." Only tewo rounds, Sherlock?!?

As for Tonga's marksmanship, the novel has his last dart went between Holmes and Watson, hitting one of the launch's hatches. In the BBC version, it hit Watson's bowler. In Granda it hit Holmes in the throat--but the heavy scarf he was wearing kept it from doing him damage. Adaptations, man, adaptations...

SHERLOCK HOLMES WILL RETURN IN "A SCANDAL IN BOHEMIA"

A Study In Scarlet--The Problem Of The 50 Page Flashback!

This is 100% true:

My first experience with written Sherlock Holmes came when I was in 4th or 5th grade, and found a book in the elementary school library titled something like "Sherlock Holmes for Young Readers." (Cut my hazy memory a little slack here---this was 40+ years ago, after all)

Appropriately enough, the book lead off with A Study In Scarlet. But after the end of Part I, where Part II (The Country Of The Saints) should have followed, there was instead an editor's note explaining that this next portion of the book was thought to be "too tedious for children." So they presented a 1-page synopsis of The Country Of Saints, and then leaped forward to Chapter VI of that section, back to the present day and the confession of the murderer, Jefferson Hope.

Now, precocious 9 year old that I was, I figured the only reason that they would have to hide that section from children was because of salacious or naughty material. So I just assumed that tedious meant "dirty." No, I never bothered to look the word up in the dictionary--I was too certain that I already knew what it meant. So imagine my surprise when I finally read an unexpurgated version of the novel, and found out that it wasn't dirty at all! (Also, imagine my embarrassment to discover that I had been using tedious incorrectly for several years...)

Which merely goes to show that I encountered the same difficulty as many readers/adapters over the years--what the hell to make of The Country Of The Saints? What the hell, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle?

A Study In Scarlet  (ASIS from here on...I'm lazy), aside from presenting the first meeting of Sherlock Holmes and Doctor John H. Watson, establishes the template for most future stories. Holmes impresses Watson with some feat of deduction, a baffling case comes their way, Holmes claims to have solved it from the very beginning, and after some running around and some exasperation from the mere mortals in his sphere, they arrest the culprit. ASIS introduces us to both Lestrade and Gregson, and the Baker Street Irregulars (not yet named that).

Yet immediately after that arrest, in one of the biggest non-sequiturs in literary history, the book suddenly and without any warning or transition, changes narrators and continents, while jumping back 3 decades, in a 50+ page flashback! And we don't even meet the murderer of his victims until nearly halfway through this portion of the tale!

It's fairly disconcerting, especially if you're not prepared for it. Every word in ASIS had been from Watson's view up until that point. We were eager to find out who Jefferson Hope is, and and how Holmes seemingly magically produced him out of thin air to arrest him. To then be plunged into what initially seems to be something from an entirely different novel is rather disorienting, to say the least.

But is it "too tedious for children"? I hardly think so. The Country Of The Saints is well written and engaging, once you get past the confusion of ASIS's shifting gears so unexpectedly. The tale of John and Lucy Ferrier is well told and engaging, and becomes gripping and suspenseful once the forces of evil begin to move against them. Tedious? No, I wouldn't say that.

But perhaps there might be another reason to be concerned about the youngsters reading it, because, well...let's be blunt: the book comes pretty close to religious hate speech at times. To suggest that The Country Of The Saints is harshly anti-Mormon is an understatement. The Mormons--and Brigham Young, specifically--refused to rescue dying travelers unless they converted? They kidnapped woman from outside communities to fill their polygamous harems? They had (essentially) a ninja death army to fulfill their leaders' whims and kill any dissenters??

At the time ASIS was published, anti-Mormon feeling ran pretty high, and there was plenty of misinformation out there, probably doubly so in far-away countries like England. And yes, some of what is depicted in The Country Of The Saints may have been based in some small way on true incidents. But extrapolating that to an entire religion makes for uncomfortable reading at times.

Yes, it is a product of its time, and should be read as such. "New" religions are often demonized by existing culture (I would imagine if Doyle were writing today, Part II of ASIS would be about people fleeing the evil of Scientology...). But maybe this section does render ASIS less suitable for young readers--indeed, some U.S. schools have removed the book from the curriculum for 6th graders, while leaving the book available for older students who are better equipped to understand the issues involved.

Perhaps these difficulties presented by The Country Of The Saints explains why there is such a surprising dearth of adaptations of A Study In Scarlet. How, exactly, do you present this story on film? As is? Substantially restructure it somehow? Tone down or ignore the anti-Mormonism?

So for the introductory Sherlock Holmes story, there's not a lot of video to watch. There were two silent films, both of which have sadly been lost to the ravages of time. The 1933 film is not an adaptation at all--the producers merely bought the right to the title, not the actual story, so the movie has zero to actually do with ASIS. There has been a Russian TV adaptation. Even Granada passed on the story.

Which leaves us the 1968 BBC TV series, starring Peter Cushing, and a 1983 Australian animated version, with Peter O'Toole voicing Holmes. Both version, it turns out, completely eliminate any reference to Mormonism whatsoever. Enoch Drebber was just a rich jerk who kidnapped Lucy Ferrier and forced her to marry him, and she promptly died of a broken heart. The animated version does give us the flashback, but broken into segments interspersed with contemporary scenes. Interestingly enough, they change the location from Utah to Colorado...just to be doubly sure of not offending anyone, it seems. The BBC version has no flashbacks, and reduces the entire back story to two lines of dialogue after Jefferson Hope is arrested. Neither is terribly satisfying, with the BBC solution in particular leaving the audience emotionally uninvested in the story and completely unsympathetic to Hope's quest.

The quandary comes down, I think, to Doyle's inexperience as a mystery writer. The genre was still new, and we can't really expect him to abide by "play fair" standards that hadn't been developed yet. Add to that the difficulty of having your hero be far more intelligent than everyone else, yet his exploits narrated by someone who doesn't know half of what Holmes knows. The net effect is rather like watching an episode of Murder, She Wrote where at the very end, Jessica Fletcher pulls onto the screen a character the audience has never seen and no one has even named aloud, and declared "He's the murderer." Dramatically unsatisfying, at the very least.

Holmes earlier declared, "You know a conjuror gets no credit when once he has explained his trick, and if I show you too much of my method of working, you will come to the conclusion that I am a very ordinary individual after all." But because Holmes holds all of the information to himself, it does come off as magic, not detection and deduction. I remain confident that, had he taken up this story later in his career, a more experienced Doyle would have been far better at structuring it so that Watson (and the audience) shared in at least some of the information he was collecting, so the resolution would seem less from left field

Ditto for the flashbacks--I'm sure Sir Arthur would have found a way to integrate the information more organically into the story, instead of stopping the novel for a 6-chapter info dump.

As for the calumny against the Mormons? Recognize it for what it is, hold your nose, and explain to young readers that Mormons aren't an organized crime outfit with ninja death cults at their beck and call (probably).

OTHER TRIFLES AND OBSERVANCES:

**Watson refers to London as "that great cesspool into which all the loungers and idlers of the Empire are irresistibly drained." Kind of harsh, but it seem seem to be shared by some of the newspapers of the day. After the case concludes, the Echo opines, "If the case has had no other effect, it, at least, brings out in the most striking manner the efficiency of our detective police force, and will serve as a lesson to all foreigners that they will do wisely to settle their feuds at home, and not to carry them on to British soil."

Of course it served as no such lesson. London and Britain would continue to be a magnet for foreign intrigues, as countless foreign groups (The Ku Klux Klan! The Reavers! The Mafia! etc!) would use England as the field to settle their grudges.

**Lots of book covers like to play up the "Scarlet" in A Study In Scarlet:

Quite lurid, of course. But those covers never seem to mention that all of that blood is just from a nosebleed. Not quite as grand guignol, eh?  And as Stangerson's death occurred offstage, as it were, this was about as clean a double homicide as you can have.

**Who was the person who posed as the old woman coming to reclaim the lost wedding ring? That's one heck of a loose end. Doyle deliberately left it so, having Hope refuse to give up his confidante. The 1968 BBC episode actually spends some time on this, and Holmes tracks down the actor whom Hope hired:

About as convincing as a Monty Python character...which does make Holmes seem rather the dunderhead for falling for it.

Others have speculated that the accomplice was any famous name you can think of--Irene Adler, Moriarty, you name it. Too cute by half, of course. Let's just leave it as mystery cross-dresser: unknown.

**I should mention that I thought Peter Cushing was quite a good Holmes.

Peter O'Toole's voice work in the cartoon, however, felt very lackluster, almost phoned it.

**"I keep a bull pup," Watson tells Holmes, when they discuss lodging together. The pup is never seen, and never mentioned again in the canon

**Soon after moving in together, Watson says of Holmes: "On these occasions I have noticed such a dreamy, vacant expression in his eyes, that I might have suspected him of being addicted to the use of some narcotic, had not the temperance and cleanliness of his whole life forbidden such a notion."

Poor naive Watson clearly had some learning to do here. When next we meet the Baker Street duo, Holmes is openly injecting drugs, and Watson chiding him for it.

**For someone who was too broke to afford his own lodgings, Holmes is fairly profligate with his money. He gives Constable Rance a half sovereign for his version of events, pays the Baker Street Irregulars more than once, sends transcontinental telegrams (obviously long ones, from the amount of information it had to contain), attends well-to-do recitals, takes out advertisements in all the newspapers, pays several cab fares...

**Speaking of the newspapers, it is interesting to see both their stature and the role they play in society in 1880s England. All of the newspapers have multiple editions; one can place classified ads and not only know that they will be seen, but responded to within the day. When you lose an item of importance, your first instinct is the check the lost and found columns, confident that someone would take out an ad there. Readership is already at such a level of sophistication that papers have staked out political editorial positions to attract audiences. We'll see much more of this in future stories...

**Holmes tells Watson, "There's the scarlet thread of murder running through the colourless skein of life, and our duty is to unravel it, and isolate it, and expose every inch of it." That's a pretty good mission statement.

Sherlock Holmes Will Return In...The Sign Of The Four!!